The national reporting performance for Epidemiological Week 15 has reached a robust 95% for completeness and 90% for timeliness across the One Health Surveillance platform. This high level of reporting indicates a commendable commitment from the majority of health facilities to maintain the integrity of our national early warning systems. The data reflects a near universal engagement from district health management teams, ensuring that the health landscape is monitored with minimal blind spots. Such consistent reporting is the backbone of our ability to detect and respond to public health threats in realtime.

Comparing this to the previous period, Week 15 shows a remarkable recovery from the performance dips seen in Week 14, where completeness stood at 88% and timeliness at a concerning 78%. This 7 percentage point jump in completeness and a 12 percentage point surge in timeliness represent a successful mitigation of the technical and administrative bottlenecks reported in the prior week. While Week 14 was characterized by platform access issues and reporting fatigue, the current week demonstrates that intensive follow-ups and system stabilization measures have effectively re-engaged the reporting units. This week-on-week growth signifies a resilient surveillance infrastructure capable of rebounding quickly from operational challenges.

Moving forward, the National IDSR team recommends that the remaining 5% of non-reporting districts undergo a targeted data audit to identify facility-specific barriers, whether they be related to human resource turnover or localized internet connectivity issues. We urge District Environmental Health Officers (DEHOs) to prioritize “zero-reporting” facilities for immediate supervisory visits to ensure that the 100% completeness target is achieved in the coming week. Furthermore, the stabilization of timeliness at 90% must be protected by reinforcing the Monday 10:00 AM deadline as a non-negotiable standard for all public and private reporting entities to facilitate timely national decision making.

Malaria continues to dominate the public health landscape in Malawi, with Week 15 recording a significant burden of 31,695 cases and 8 associated deaths. This high volume of cases underscores the persistent endemicity of the disease and its heavy toll on the primary healthcare system, particularly among vulnerable populations in rural areas. The mortality reported this week highlights critical gaps in either early care-seeking behavior at the community level or the quality of inpatient management for severe cases at the facility level. As the leading cause of morbidity, malaria remains the most significant pressure point for medical supplies and personnel nationwide.

When contrasted with Week 14, the data reveals a worrying upward trajectory in both morbidity and mortality. Total cases rose by approximately 6%, climbing from 29,915 to 31,695, while deaths increased from 6 to 8. This simultaneous rise suggests that the transmission season is peaking or that environmental factors, such as stagnant water from recent rainfall, are facilitating increased vector breeding. The steady increase in case numbers over the last two weeks serves as an alarm that current prevention measures, including LLIN usage and indoor residual spraying where applicable, may need reinforcement to prevent the healthcare system from being overwhelmed by seasonal surges.

To address this rising trend, we recommend that all health facilities conduct an immediate inventory check to ensure an uninterrupted supply of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT). Communities must be re-sensitized through local radio and health surveillance assistants on the importance of reporting to a health facility within 24 hours of fever onset to prevent progression to severe malaria. Additionally, clinical teams in districts with high mortality rates should conduct maternal and child health audits to identify if there are specific delays in the administration of injectable artesunate for severe cases, ensuring that life-saving protocols are strictly followed.

The surveillance of enteric diseases in Week 15 has flagged a significant concern, with Typhoid fever cases reaching 124 and Bloody Diarrhoea cases totaling 605. A notable observation this week is the concentration of Typhoid reports coming from urban private facilities, specifically Malmed and Shifa Private Clinics, which suggests a localized but intense transmission cycle in metropolitan settings. These diseases serve as critical indicators of the underlying sanitation and water safety standards within our communities. The presence of these pathogens in urban centers often points toward contaminated food chains or breaches in the municipal water supply infrastructure that require immediate technical investigation.

Comparing these figures to Week 14 reveals a sharp escalation in the enteric disease profile, particularly for Typhoid fever which saw a 40% increase from 88 cases to 124. Bloody Diarrhoea also followed an upward trend, rising from 552 cases in the previous week to 605. This synchronous rise across multiple enteric indicators suggests a widespread environmental contamination issue that has worsened over the seven-day period. While Week 14 showed signs of localized clusters, Week 15 confirms that the transmission is expanding geographically and in intensity, demanding a shift from passive monitoring to active environmental intervention to halt the spread before it transforms into a larger-scale epidemic.

The Secretariat recommends an immediate multi-sectoral response involving environmental health officers and water board authorities to conduct water quality testing at the household level in the catchment areas of the reporting clinics. We also advise health facilities to intensify stool sample collection for culture and sensitivity testing to monitor for potential antibiotic resistance patterns in these enteric pathogens. Furthermore, public health teams should launch targeted “Wash Your Hands” and “Boil Water” campaigns in high-incidence urban neighborhoods. Food safety inspections at marketplaces and among street vendors must be revitalized to identify and eliminate potential point sources of infection that are driving this weekly increase.

Epidemiological Week 15 has been characterized by a persistent but stable Cholera situation, with 141 suspected cases and 16 laboratory-confirmed cases reported. Crucially, zero deaths were recorded, which is a testament to the effectiveness of the current case management protocols and the readiness of Cholera Treatment Units (CTUs). Simultaneously, the Mpox surveillance system has detected 2 new confirmed cases and 4 alerts, signaling that the virus remains active within the community. While the Cholera numbers are stable, the re-emergence of confirmed Mpox cases highlights a complex dual-threat environment that requires high clinical suspicion and rapid diagnostic turnaround.

In comparison to Week 14, the Cholera data remains virtually static, with suspected cases moving from 144 to 141 and confirmed cases increasing by only one (from 15 to 16). This indicates that while the outbreak is not exponentially growing, it is not yet under full control and remains in a “smoldering” phase that could ignite if WASH conditions deteriorate. However, the Mpox situation shows a distinct change; Week 14 reported zero confirmed cases despite 3 alerts, whereas Week 15 has successfully confirmed 2 cases. This transition from “alert” to “confirmed” status indicates that the surveillance system is working effectively but also that active transmission chains are currently present and undetected in some pockets of the population.

Based on these findings, we recommend that the Ministry of Health maintains a high state of readiness in all Cholera hotspots, with a focus on pre-positioning Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and IV fluids. For Mpox, it is critical that District Rapid Response Teams (DRRTs) initiate comprehensive contact tracing for the 2 newly confirmed cases to identify the source of infection and prevent tertiary spread. There is also an urgent need to update the public on Mpox symptoms—specifically the nature of the rash—to encourage early reporting of alerts. Lastly, cross-border surveillance must be strengthened, particularly in districts sharing borders with countries that have documented active Mpox outbreaks, to ensure early detection of imported cases.

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) remains a major contributor to hospital-based mortality, with 199 cases and 5 deaths reported in Week 15. A disproportionate amount of this burden is carried by Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), which accounted for 122 of the national cases (over 60%). This high concentration of SARI cases at a tertiary referral center suggests either a high localized prevalence of respiratory pathogens in the Lilongwe area or a strong referral system that funneling the most severe cases to KCH. The mortality rate of 2.5% for SARI this week is a significant indicator of the severity of illness presenting at our facilities.

The comparative data from Week 14 shows a stable case volume but a concerning spike in mortality. While cases only grew from 196 to 199, the number of deaths more than doubled from 2 in Week 14 to 5 in Week 15. This increase in the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) despite stable morbidity is a red flag that may indicate a more virulent strain of respiratory virus is circulating, or that patients are presenting later in their illness. Furthermore, KCH’s dominance in the data has increased; in Week 14 it reported 79% of the cases, and while its share of the national total remains high, the increase in deaths nationwide suggests that respiratory complications are becoming more fatal across multiple districts.

We recommend that the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) prioritizes the virological characterization of samples collected from the 5 deceased SARI cases to identify if Influenza A, B, or SARS-CoV-2 are the primary drivers of this mortality spike. Central and District hospitals should ensure that oxygen therapy equipment and essential antibiotics for secondary bacterial pneumonia are fully functional and available. We also urge clinicians to improve the documentation of underlying comorbidities in SARI patients, as this data is vital for tailoring clinical interventions. Finally, intensified public messaging on respiratory hygiene and the importance of seeking medical help for breathing difficulties is essential to reduce the current trend of late presentations.

Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD) surveillance remains a top priority, with cumulative Measles cases for 2026 now reaching 287 across 23 districts. The current week has seen continued reports from hotspots such as Balaka and Kasungu, which combined account for over 35% of the national burden. Additionally, the Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance system captured 3 new alerts this week, demonstrating the continued vigilance required to maintain Malawi’s polio-free certification. These indicators are vital for evaluating the coverage and effectiveness of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and for identifying “zero-dose” communities that remain susceptible to outbreaks.

Comparatively, the Measles situation has shown a steady expansion from Week 14. In the previous bulletin, cases were more concentrated in fewer districts, but Week 15 data shows that the virus has successfully established footholds in 23 out of 29 districts. For AFP, the reporting of 3 cases this week is an improvement in surveillance sensitivity compared to the 1 case reported in Week 14. This increase in AFP alerts is actually a positive indicator of a “sensitive” surveillance system, as we expect to find a certain number of non-polio AFP cases annually to prove that our detection mechanisms are working. The zero-case status for Neonatal Tetanus has been maintained for two consecutive weeks, which is a significant achievement for our maternal health services.

Our recommendation is for districts with high Measles case counts, particularly Balaka and Kasungu, to conduct immediate “mop-up” immunization campaigns targeting children who missed their scheduled doses. Surveillance officers must ensure that every AFP alert is followed by the collection of two stool samples within 14 days of onset, transported under strict cold chain conditions to the national laboratory. We also recommend a review of the “Under-Five” registers in facilities reporting Measles cases to identify the specific age cohorts most affected. Finally, maintaining the zero-case trend for Neonatal Tetanus will require continued focus on ensuring that all pregnant women receive their Tetanus Toxoid vaccinations and are encouraged to deliver in sanitary, facility-based environments.

During epidemiological week 14, national reporting completeness was recorded at 88.0%, which represents a significant and concerning decline from the previous week’s performance levels. This drop suggests that many health facilities across various districts are facing systemic challenges in maintaining their regular reporting cycles within the One Health Surveillance Platform. We must recognize that high reporting completeness is the foundational requirement for any effective early warning disease surveillance system. When data completeness falls below 90%, the ministry’s ability to detect localized outbreaks in their infancy is severely compromised. It is absolutely vital that District Health Officers investigate the specific technical or human resource barriers causing this sudden decrease in performance. We have noted that several districts reported significant downtime in their digital infrastructure which might have impacted the ability to sync data. Surveillance coordinators must prioritize the restoration of reporting consistency to ensure no geographical area remains invisible to national oversight. Maintaining a robust data flow is essential for ensuring that our public health decisions are based on the most accurate national picture available.

The 12% reporting gap indicates that hundreds of health facilities have failed to submit their weekly figures, creating large blind spots in our disease mapping. It is imperative that Zonal Epidemiology Officers conduct urgent follow-up visits to the lagging facilities to provide hands-on technical support and mentorship. We recommend that districts establish internal verification teams to support health facility focal persons during the submission window each Monday. The National IDSR Secretariat will continue to monitor these trends daily to identify if this is a temporary fluctuation or a systemic failure. Providing consistent feedback to facilities about their reporting status has been proven to improve engagement and overall data quality. Every missing report represents a potential missed opportunity to save lives through early intervention for diseases like cholera or measles. We must aim to return to a minimum completeness threshold of 95% within the next two reporting cycles to maintain system integrity. Strengthening the data culture at the facility level remains our most important long-term strategy for surveillance success. Let us work together to ensure that every facility in Malawi is heard and represented in our national reports.

Timeliness for week 14 dropped significantly to 78.0%, reflecting a major challenge in the promptness of data submission across the national surveillance network. This level of delay is highly problematic because the speed of our public health response is directly dependent on the speed of data arrival. A report that arrives late effectively paralyzes the national decision-making process for an additional week, allowing potential outbreaks to grow unchecked. We must emphasize that the “Early” in Early Warning Systems relies entirely on the Monday morning deadline being strictly observed by all facilities. The 78% figure indicates that nearly a quarter of our reporting units are failing to meet the basic standards of timely surveillance communication. District surveillance teams should analyze whether these delays are concentrated in specific clusters or are a widespread phenomenon across the entire district. It is essential that we re-sensitize all focal persons on the critical nature of the reporting timeline for national health security. Punctuality is not merely a bureaucratic requirement but a vital clinical duty that protects the health of the entire community. We must identify and resolve the bottlenecks that are preventing our frontline workers from submitting their data on time.

Analysis of the delayed reports shows that logistical issues and internet connectivity remain the primary obstacles to achieving 100% timeliness in remote regions. We encourage District Health Offices to allocate dedicated resources for airtime and data bundles specifically for surveillance focal persons to eliminate these barriers. Furthermore, it is recommended that facilities utilize the offline reporting features of the OHSP during periods of poor network coverage to avoid delays. The national secretariat will begin issuing “Timeliness Alerts” to districts that consistently fall below the 80% threshold to prompt immediate corrective action. Improving timeliness by just 10% can significantly reduce the window of vulnerability during the initial stages of a contagious disease outbreak. We must foster a sense of urgency among all health workers regarding the submission of surveillance data every Monday morning. Training sessions in the upcoming quarter will specifically focus on time-management and troubleshooting for the digital reporting platforms. Our collective goal must be to ensure that data flows seamlessly from the village level to the national level without any unnecessary pauses. Timely data is the fuel that powers our national disease response engine, and we must ensure it is delivered without fail. Consistent performance in this area will be a key metric for evaluating district health system effectiveness moving forward.

In epidemiological week 14, forty-nine (49) Event-Based Surveillance signals were reported from ten (10) active districts across the country. Out of these reported signals, forty-one (41) were successfully verified as legitimate public health events, representing a verification rate of 83.7%. This high verification rate indicates that the community-level reporting is increasingly accurate and that district teams are responding effectively to alerts. However, the remaining eight (8) signals remain unclassified and require immediate attention to determine their potential risk to public health. It is encouraging to see that EBS is becoming more integrated into the routine surveillance activities of the ten reporting districts. The detection of 49 signals shows a high level of vigilance among community health surveillance assistants and local volunteers. We must ensure that the momentum of community reporting is sustained through regular feedback and recognition of those reporting signals. Every signal reported provides a unique opportunity to catch an outbreak before it spreads to neighboring villages or districts. The system is proving its value by identifying unusual health events that traditional indicator-based surveillance might miss in the early stages.

The eight unclassified signals represent a critical gap that must be addressed by the respective District Rapid Response Teams before the next week. A signal that remains unclassified is a potential risk that hasn’t been properly mitigated or understood by health authorities. We recommend that districts with backlogs in verification prioritize these events for field investigation within the next 48 hours. The verification process is essential because it allows the ministry to filter out false alarms and focus limited resources on real threats. It is also important to document the outcomes of every verification exercise in the OHSP to build a historical database of events. We will provide additional guidance to the 18 districts that did not report any EBS signals this week to ensure they are also active. Increasing the number of participating districts is vital for achieving full national coverage for event-based surveillance systems. Our target is to have 100% of signals verified or classified within 24 hours of their initial report into the system. Strengthening the link between community alerts and official district-level verification is our primary goal for the next reporting period. We will continue to monitor the quality of the signal descriptions to ensure they provide actionable intelligence for our responders. Consistent engagement with community leaders will also help to increase the volume and quality of signals being detected.

Malaria morbidity in week 14 remained high with 29,915 cases reported, including six confirmed deaths occurring in our health facilities. While this is a slight decrease from the previous week’s case count, the burden remains the leading cause of hospital attendance nationwide. The six deaths reported are a reminder that malaria remains a deadly threat, particularly when diagnosis and treatment are delayed. It is essential to perform a clinical audit for every death to identify any gaps in the quality of severe malaria management. We have observed that many cases of severe malaria are presenting late to facilities, often after seeking help from traditional sources. This highlights the need for continued community sensitization on the importance of seeking medical care immediately upon the onset of fever. The high case volume also puts a significant strain on the national supply of rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin-based combination therapies. We must ensure that the supply chain remains responsive to prevent stockouts during this high-transmission season in the country. Targeted interventions in high-burden districts are necessary to reduce both the incidence and mortality associated with this parasitic disease.

The National Malaria Control Program is urged to continue monitoring the availability of insecticides and the distribution of bed nets in high-risk areas. We are also advocating for the implementation of indoor residual spraying in districts that have shown consistently high malaria incidence rates over the past month. Health workers should maintain a high index of suspicion for malaria in all patients presenting with fever and ensure prompt testing. It is important to remember that early treatment within 24 hours is the most effective way to prevent the progression to severe disease. We must also strengthen our diagnostic quality control to ensure that both RDTs and microscopy are providing accurate results for patients. Community health workers play a vital role in educating families about the signs of severe malaria and the need for urgent referral. We will continue to track malaria trends closely to help prioritize the deployment of additional medical supplies to the hardest-hit regions. Every malaria death is preventable, and our goal remains to achieve a zero-death status across all districts in Malawi. We are working with partners to scale up the availability of injectable artesunate for the management of severe cases in district hospitals. Let us remain focused on reducing the burden of malaria through a combination of prevention, diagnosis, and effective clinical care.

Rabies surveillance in week 14 detected a consistent number of animal bites, necessitating the administration of post-exposure prophylaxis to 12 individuals. Fortunately, no human rabies deaths were reported this week, which reflects the effectiveness of our current medical intervention strategies. However, the presence of animal bites is a clear indicator that the rabies virus is likely circulating within our domestic and wild animal populations. Each bite from a suspected rabid animal is a potential death sentence if the patient does not receive the vaccine immediately. We have identified that urban and peri-urban centers are particularly vulnerable due to the large population of unvaccinated stray dogs. It is critical for health facilities to maintain a “never-out” status for the anti-rabies vaccine to ensure patients are protected. The cost of human rabies treatment is far higher than the cost of prevention through animal vaccination and timely post-exposure prophylaxis. We must continue to improve our data collection on the types of animals involved in these bite incidents to guide veterinary response. Monitoring these trends is a vital part of our One Health approach to preventing zoonotic diseases in the country.

The Ministry of Health is working with the Ministry of Agriculture to coordinate mass dog vaccination campaigns in the most affected districts. We urge all community members to report any stray animals showing unusual behavior to their local veterinary officers or community leaders. Public education must emphasize that rabies is 100% fatal once symptoms appear, making early vaccination after a bite the only way to survive. We are also encouraging districts to ensure that all animal bite victims complete the full course of vaccinations as prescribed by clinicians. Stock levels of the rabies vaccine at the Central Medical Stores are being monitored to ensure that all regions have adequate supplies. We are advocating for a stronger collaborative framework between health workers and veterinarians at the district level to manage these threats. Rabies elimination is achievable through high-coverage animal vaccination and prompt human treatment, and we must work toward this goal. Every person who receives timely PEP is a life saved from a truly horrific and preventable viral infection in our communities. We will continue to provide updates on the status of our vaccine stocks and the progress of our vaccination campaigns in future bulletins. Vigilance and cooperation are the keys to protecting our people from the threat of rabies throughout the year.

In week 14, Malawi reported 144 suspected cholera cases and 15 laboratory-confirmed cases, continuing a trend of persistent transmission in several regions. While the absence of cholera-related deaths this week is a significant achievement, the increase in suspected cases is a serious warning sign. The fifteen confirmed cases indicate that the bacteria is actively circulating and that there are ongoing sources of contamination in the environment. We must prioritize the investigation of these cases to identify the specific water sources or social events that are driving transmission. Districts such as Lilongwe and Blantyre remain the primary focus of our national response due to their high population density and risk. Each confirmed case should trigger an immediate “ring” intervention, including household disinfection and the distribution of water treatment chemicals. The zero-fatality rate is largely due to early care-seeking behavior and the readiness of our cholera treatment centers. However, we cannot afford any relaxation of our surveillance or response efforts as the outbreak could quickly escalate. Continuous monitoring of water quality in the affected communities is essential for preventing further spread of the disease.

We are coordinating with WASH partners to ensure that all hotspots have access to safe drinking water and functional sanitation facilities. Public health education campaigns are being intensified to remind all citizens about the importance of handwashing and proper food preparation. It is also critical that health workers maintain a high index of suspicion for any watery diarrhea and report it immediately. We are monitoring the supply levels of oral rehydration salts and intravenous fluids to ensure that all treatment centers are fully equipped. Laboratory confirmation must be fast-tracked to ensure that we are acting on accurate information regarding the extent of the outbreak. We are also exploring the use of oral cholera vaccines in high-risk populations to provide an additional layer of protection. A unified response involving all levels of government and our international partners is the only way to successfully contain cholera. We will continue to provide detailed daily reports to all affected districts to guide their local containment strategies effectively. Our goal is to break the transmission cycle and achieve a zero-case status in all districts within the coming months. Sustained community engagement is vital to ensure that people understand and follow the recommended prevention measures. Let us remain vigilant and proactive in our fight against this preventable and treatable disease.

Three maternal deaths were reported during week 14, highlighting the persistent challenges we face in achieving our maternal health targets. Each of these deaths is a tragic event that represents a significant failure in our ability to protect mothers during childbirth. Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) audits must be conducted for each case within the next 72 hours to identify causes. These audits are essential for understanding the systemic gaps that lead to mortality, such as delays in referral or lack of supplies. We must ensure that our findings from these investigations are translated into immediate corrective actions at the facility and district levels. The reporting of maternal deaths through the IDSR system ensures that these events receive the national attention they deserve. We are committed to reducing maternal mortality by strengthening our emergency obstetric and newborn care services across the country. Every mother has the right to safe delivery, and we must work tirelessly to make this a reality in all districts. Monitoring these trends helps us to advocate for more resources and better training for our midwives and obstetricians.

We are encouraging all health facilities to improve their readiness for obstetric emergencies by conducting regular drills and staff training sessions. It is also important to address the community-level factors that lead to delays in seeking professional medical care during pregnancy. We are working with traditional leaders to promote facility-based deliveries and to discourage harmful traditional practices during labor. The availability of blood for transfusion remains a critical bottleneck that we are working to resolve with the national blood transfusion service. We will continue to monitor the implementation of audit recommendations to ensure they are leading to actual improvements in care quality. Our goal is to see a consistent decline in maternal deaths as our health system becomes more responsive and better equipped. We are also focusing on improving the quality of antenatal care to identify and manage high-risk pregnancies much earlier. Collaborative efforts with our development partners are focused on upgrading maternity wings and providing essential medical equipment to rural facilities. Every death is a call to action for the entire health sector to improve our service delivery and clinical oversight. We remain dedicated to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets for maternal health in Malawi by 2030. Success in this area is a key indicator of the overall strength and compassion of our national healthcare system.

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) surveillance reported 196 cases and two deaths in week 14, with one facility reporting 79% of cases. The concentration of cases at Kamuzu Central Hospital indicates a significant localized burden of respiratory illness that requires focused clinical investigation. We must determine if this spike is due to a specific viral pathogen or environmental factors affecting the local population. The two deaths reported this week are a serious concern and highlight the potential severity of these respiratory infections. We are urging all sentinel sites to continue collecting respiratory swabs for influenza and COVID-19 testing as per national guidelines. Early identification of the causative agents is essential for guiding our clinical management and public health prevention strategies. SARI cases often put an immense strain on hospital resources, particularly oxygen supplies and intensive care unit capacity in larger hospitals. We must ensure that all clinicians are following the updated protocols for managing severe pneumonia and respiratory distress in patients. Protecting vulnerable groups like children and the elderly remains our primary priority during these seasonal peaks in respiratory illness.

We are coordinating with the national laboratory to prioritize the testing of samples from the identified hotspots at Kamuzu Central Hospital. It is important to monitor for any evidence of person-to-person transmission within the facility or the surrounding community clusters. Health workers are reminded to strictly adhere to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of masks and hand hygiene. We are also advocating for the increased availability of pulse oximeters in all health centers to allow for earlier detection of hypoxemia. Public health messaging should emphasize the need for people with respiratory symptoms to seek medical help early to prevent severe complications. We will continue to provide weekly updates on SARI trends to help all facilities prepare for potential increases in patient volume. Our goal is to reduce respiratory-related mortality through a combination of early detection, accurate diagnosis, and high-quality clinical support. We are also working on expanding our genomic surveillance to detect any new respiratory virus variants that may be entering the country. Vigilance is our best tool for preventing a large-scale outbreak of respiratory disease from overwhelming our health system this year. Let us work together to ensure that our respiratory surveillance is as sensitive and responsive as possible across all regions. Consistent reporting from all sentinel sites is vital for maintaining a clear national picture of respiratory health.

Typhoid fever surveillance for epidemiological week 14 recorded 88 reported cases nationwide, with no associated fatalities documented during this period. The reporting of 88 cases signifies a persistent level of transmission that requires ongoing clinical and environmental vigilance from all district health teams. Typhoid is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, and its presence is a direct indicator of challenges within the localized water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure. While the zero-fatality rate is encouraging, it is essential to ensure that all patients receive appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent the development of chronic carrier states. We must emphasize the importance of laboratory confirmation using blood cultures, as clinical diagnosis alone can be non-specific and may overlap with other febrile illnesses. Surveillance focal persons are urged to monitor the geographic distribution of these cases to identify any emerging clusters or shared contaminated water sources. Providing prompt and accurate data on Typhoid trends allows the ministry to allocate resources and plan for targeted vaccination campaigns if necessary. We will continue to track these case counts to ensure that the national burden does not escalate into a larger public health crisis during this season.

National response strategies for Typhoid fever must focus heavily on the integration of clinical management with long-term WASH interventions in the most affected districts. We recommend that district health offices collaborate with local water boards to ensure the safety and chlorination of all public water supplies in high-burden areas. Health workers should also prioritize community education on the necessity of boiling water and practicing thorough hand hygiene before food preparation. It is critical to maintain a robust supply of the recommended antibiotics in all health centers to ensure that treatment is not delayed. Furthermore, we are encouraging the systematic collection of data regarding the age and vaccination status of all reported Typhoid cases to guide future immunization policies. Continuous training for laboratory personnel on the isolation and identification of Salmonella Typhi remains a key priority for the national laboratory network. Every reported case provides a valuable opportunity to engage with the community about the fundamental importance of safe sanitation practices. We will continue to provide updates on the Typhoid situation and offer technical support to districts that are reporting unusual spikes in case numbers. Our collective goal is to reduce the incidence of Typhoid through a combination of early medical intervention and sustained environmental health improvements. Strengthening our Typhoid surveillance is an essential part of our broader commitment to ensuring health security for all Malawians.