The national reporting performance for Epidemiological Week 15 has reached a robust 95% for completeness and 90% for timeliness across the One Health Surveillance platform. This high level of reporting indicates a commendable commitment from the majority of health facilities to maintain the integrity of our national early warning systems. The data reflects a near universal engagement from district health management teams, ensuring that the health landscape is monitored with minimal blind spots. Such consistent reporting is the backbone of our ability to detect and respond to public health threats in realtime.

Comparing this to the previous period, Week 15 shows a remarkable recovery from the performance dips seen in Week 14, where completeness stood at 88% and timeliness at a concerning 78%. This 7 percentage point jump in completeness and a 12 percentage point surge in timeliness represent a successful mitigation of the technical and administrative bottlenecks reported in the prior week. While Week 14 was characterized by platform access issues and reporting fatigue, the current week demonstrates that intensive follow-ups and system stabilization measures have effectively re-engaged the reporting units. This week-on-week growth signifies a resilient surveillance infrastructure capable of rebounding quickly from operational challenges.

Moving forward, the National IDSR team recommends that the remaining 5% of non-reporting districts undergo a targeted data audit to identify facility-specific barriers, whether they be related to human resource turnover or localized internet connectivity issues. We urge District Environmental Health Officers (DEHOs) to prioritize “zero-reporting” facilities for immediate supervisory visits to ensure that the 100% completeness target is achieved in the coming week. Furthermore, the stabilization of timeliness at 90% must be protected by reinforcing the Monday 10:00 AM deadline as a non-negotiable standard for all public and private reporting entities to facilitate timely national decision making.

Malaria continues to dominate the public health landscape in Malawi, with Week 15 recording a significant burden of 31,695 cases and 8 associated deaths. This high volume of cases underscores the persistent endemicity of the disease and its heavy toll on the primary healthcare system, particularly among vulnerable populations in rural areas. The mortality reported this week highlights critical gaps in either early care-seeking behavior at the community level or the quality of inpatient management for severe cases at the facility level. As the leading cause of morbidity, malaria remains the most significant pressure point for medical supplies and personnel nationwide.

When contrasted with Week 14, the data reveals a worrying upward trajectory in both morbidity and mortality. Total cases rose by approximately 6%, climbing from 29,915 to 31,695, while deaths increased from 6 to 8. This simultaneous rise suggests that the transmission season is peaking or that environmental factors, such as stagnant water from recent rainfall, are facilitating increased vector breeding. The steady increase in case numbers over the last two weeks serves as an alarm that current prevention measures, including LLIN usage and indoor residual spraying where applicable, may need reinforcement to prevent the healthcare system from being overwhelmed by seasonal surges.

To address this rising trend, we recommend that all health facilities conduct an immediate inventory check to ensure an uninterrupted supply of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT). Communities must be re-sensitized through local radio and health surveillance assistants on the importance of reporting to a health facility within 24 hours of fever onset to prevent progression to severe malaria. Additionally, clinical teams in districts with high mortality rates should conduct maternal and child health audits to identify if there are specific delays in the administration of injectable artesunate for severe cases, ensuring that life-saving protocols are strictly followed.

The surveillance of enteric diseases in Week 15 has flagged a significant concern, with Typhoid fever cases reaching 124 and Bloody Diarrhoea cases totaling 605. A notable observation this week is the concentration of Typhoid reports coming from urban private facilities, specifically Malmed and Shifa Private Clinics, which suggests a localized but intense transmission cycle in metropolitan settings. These diseases serve as critical indicators of the underlying sanitation and water safety standards within our communities. The presence of these pathogens in urban centers often points toward contaminated food chains or breaches in the municipal water supply infrastructure that require immediate technical investigation.

Comparing these figures to Week 14 reveals a sharp escalation in the enteric disease profile, particularly for Typhoid fever which saw a 40% increase from 88 cases to 124. Bloody Diarrhoea also followed an upward trend, rising from 552 cases in the previous week to 605. This synchronous rise across multiple enteric indicators suggests a widespread environmental contamination issue that has worsened over the seven-day period. While Week 14 showed signs of localized clusters, Week 15 confirms that the transmission is expanding geographically and in intensity, demanding a shift from passive monitoring to active environmental intervention to halt the spread before it transforms into a larger-scale epidemic.

The Secretariat recommends an immediate multi-sectoral response involving environmental health officers and water board authorities to conduct water quality testing at the household level in the catchment areas of the reporting clinics. We also advise health facilities to intensify stool sample collection for culture and sensitivity testing to monitor for potential antibiotic resistance patterns in these enteric pathogens. Furthermore, public health teams should launch targeted “Wash Your Hands” and “Boil Water” campaigns in high-incidence urban neighborhoods. Food safety inspections at marketplaces and among street vendors must be revitalized to identify and eliminate potential point sources of infection that are driving this weekly increase.

Epidemiological Week 15 has been characterized by a persistent but stable Cholera situation, with 141 suspected cases and 16 laboratory-confirmed cases reported. Crucially, zero deaths were recorded, which is a testament to the effectiveness of the current case management protocols and the readiness of Cholera Treatment Units (CTUs). Simultaneously, the Mpox surveillance system has detected 2 new confirmed cases and 4 alerts, signaling that the virus remains active within the community. While the Cholera numbers are stable, the re-emergence of confirmed Mpox cases highlights a complex dual-threat environment that requires high clinical suspicion and rapid diagnostic turnaround.

In comparison to Week 14, the Cholera data remains virtually static, with suspected cases moving from 144 to 141 and confirmed cases increasing by only one (from 15 to 16). This indicates that while the outbreak is not exponentially growing, it is not yet under full control and remains in a “smoldering” phase that could ignite if WASH conditions deteriorate. However, the Mpox situation shows a distinct change; Week 14 reported zero confirmed cases despite 3 alerts, whereas Week 15 has successfully confirmed 2 cases. This transition from “alert” to “confirmed” status indicates that the surveillance system is working effectively but also that active transmission chains are currently present and undetected in some pockets of the population.

Based on these findings, we recommend that the Ministry of Health maintains a high state of readiness in all Cholera hotspots, with a focus on pre-positioning Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and IV fluids. For Mpox, it is critical that District Rapid Response Teams (DRRTs) initiate comprehensive contact tracing for the 2 newly confirmed cases to identify the source of infection and prevent tertiary spread. There is also an urgent need to update the public on Mpox symptoms—specifically the nature of the rash—to encourage early reporting of alerts. Lastly, cross-border surveillance must be strengthened, particularly in districts sharing borders with countries that have documented active Mpox outbreaks, to ensure early detection of imported cases.

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) remains a major contributor to hospital-based mortality, with 199 cases and 5 deaths reported in Week 15. A disproportionate amount of this burden is carried by Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), which accounted for 122 of the national cases (over 60%). This high concentration of SARI cases at a tertiary referral center suggests either a high localized prevalence of respiratory pathogens in the Lilongwe area or a strong referral system that funneling the most severe cases to KCH. The mortality rate of 2.5% for SARI this week is a significant indicator of the severity of illness presenting at our facilities.

The comparative data from Week 14 shows a stable case volume but a concerning spike in mortality. While cases only grew from 196 to 199, the number of deaths more than doubled from 2 in Week 14 to 5 in Week 15. This increase in the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) despite stable morbidity is a red flag that may indicate a more virulent strain of respiratory virus is circulating, or that patients are presenting later in their illness. Furthermore, KCH’s dominance in the data has increased; in Week 14 it reported 79% of the cases, and while its share of the national total remains high, the increase in deaths nationwide suggests that respiratory complications are becoming more fatal across multiple districts.

We recommend that the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) prioritizes the virological characterization of samples collected from the 5 deceased SARI cases to identify if Influenza A, B, or SARS-CoV-2 are the primary drivers of this mortality spike. Central and District hospitals should ensure that oxygen therapy equipment and essential antibiotics for secondary bacterial pneumonia are fully functional and available. We also urge clinicians to improve the documentation of underlying comorbidities in SARI patients, as this data is vital for tailoring clinical interventions. Finally, intensified public messaging on respiratory hygiene and the importance of seeking medical help for breathing difficulties is essential to reduce the current trend of late presentations.

Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD) surveillance remains a top priority, with cumulative Measles cases for 2026 now reaching 287 across 23 districts. The current week has seen continued reports from hotspots such as Balaka and Kasungu, which combined account for over 35% of the national burden. Additionally, the Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance system captured 3 new alerts this week, demonstrating the continued vigilance required to maintain Malawi’s polio-free certification. These indicators are vital for evaluating the coverage and effectiveness of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and for identifying “zero-dose” communities that remain susceptible to outbreaks.

Comparatively, the Measles situation has shown a steady expansion from Week 14. In the previous bulletin, cases were more concentrated in fewer districts, but Week 15 data shows that the virus has successfully established footholds in 23 out of 29 districts. For AFP, the reporting of 3 cases this week is an improvement in surveillance sensitivity compared to the 1 case reported in Week 14. This increase in AFP alerts is actually a positive indicator of a “sensitive” surveillance system, as we expect to find a certain number of non-polio AFP cases annually to prove that our detection mechanisms are working. The zero-case status for Neonatal Tetanus has been maintained for two consecutive weeks, which is a significant achievement for our maternal health services.

Our recommendation is for districts with high Measles case counts, particularly Balaka and Kasungu, to conduct immediate “mop-up” immunization campaigns targeting children who missed their scheduled doses. Surveillance officers must ensure that every AFP alert is followed by the collection of two stool samples within 14 days of onset, transported under strict cold chain conditions to the national laboratory. We also recommend a review of the “Under-Five” registers in facilities reporting Measles cases to identify the specific age cohorts most affected. Finally, maintaining the zero-case trend for Neonatal Tetanus will require continued focus on ensuring that all pregnant women receive their Tetanus Toxoid vaccinations and are encouraged to deliver in sanitary, facility-based environments.

During epidemiological week 14, national reporting completeness was recorded at 88.0%, which represents a significant and concerning decline from the previous week’s performance levels. This drop suggests that many health facilities across various districts are facing systemic challenges in maintaining their regular reporting cycles within the One Health Surveillance Platform. We must recognize that high reporting completeness is the foundational requirement for any effective early warning disease surveillance system. When data completeness falls below 90%, the ministry’s ability to detect localized outbreaks in their infancy is severely compromised. It is absolutely vital that District Health Officers investigate the specific technical or human resource barriers causing this sudden decrease in performance. We have noted that several districts reported significant downtime in their digital infrastructure which might have impacted the ability to sync data. Surveillance coordinators must prioritize the restoration of reporting consistency to ensure no geographical area remains invisible to national oversight. Maintaining a robust data flow is essential for ensuring that our public health decisions are based on the most accurate national picture available.

The 12% reporting gap indicates that hundreds of health facilities have failed to submit their weekly figures, creating large blind spots in our disease mapping. It is imperative that Zonal Epidemiology Officers conduct urgent follow-up visits to the lagging facilities to provide hands-on technical support and mentorship. We recommend that districts establish internal verification teams to support health facility focal persons during the submission window each Monday. The National IDSR Secretariat will continue to monitor these trends daily to identify if this is a temporary fluctuation or a systemic failure. Providing consistent feedback to facilities about their reporting status has been proven to improve engagement and overall data quality. Every missing report represents a potential missed opportunity to save lives through early intervention for diseases like cholera or measles. We must aim to return to a minimum completeness threshold of 95% within the next two reporting cycles to maintain system integrity. Strengthening the data culture at the facility level remains our most important long-term strategy for surveillance success. Let us work together to ensure that every facility in Malawi is heard and represented in our national reports.

Timeliness for week 14 dropped significantly to 78.0%, reflecting a major challenge in the promptness of data submission across the national surveillance network. This level of delay is highly problematic because the speed of our public health response is directly dependent on the speed of data arrival. A report that arrives late effectively paralyzes the national decision-making process for an additional week, allowing potential outbreaks to grow unchecked. We must emphasize that the “Early” in Early Warning Systems relies entirely on the Monday morning deadline being strictly observed by all facilities. The 78% figure indicates that nearly a quarter of our reporting units are failing to meet the basic standards of timely surveillance communication. District surveillance teams should analyze whether these delays are concentrated in specific clusters or are a widespread phenomenon across the entire district. It is essential that we re-sensitize all focal persons on the critical nature of the reporting timeline for national health security. Punctuality is not merely a bureaucratic requirement but a vital clinical duty that protects the health of the entire community. We must identify and resolve the bottlenecks that are preventing our frontline workers from submitting their data on time.

Analysis of the delayed reports shows that logistical issues and internet connectivity remain the primary obstacles to achieving 100% timeliness in remote regions. We encourage District Health Offices to allocate dedicated resources for airtime and data bundles specifically for surveillance focal persons to eliminate these barriers. Furthermore, it is recommended that facilities utilize the offline reporting features of the OHSP during periods of poor network coverage to avoid delays. The national secretariat will begin issuing “Timeliness Alerts” to districts that consistently fall below the 80% threshold to prompt immediate corrective action. Improving timeliness by just 10% can significantly reduce the window of vulnerability during the initial stages of a contagious disease outbreak. We must foster a sense of urgency among all health workers regarding the submission of surveillance data every Monday morning. Training sessions in the upcoming quarter will specifically focus on time-management and troubleshooting for the digital reporting platforms. Our collective goal must be to ensure that data flows seamlessly from the village level to the national level without any unnecessary pauses. Timely data is the fuel that powers our national disease response engine, and we must ensure it is delivered without fail. Consistent performance in this area will be a key metric for evaluating district health system effectiveness moving forward.

In epidemiological week 14, forty-nine (49) Event-Based Surveillance signals were reported from ten (10) active districts across the country. Out of these reported signals, forty-one (41) were successfully verified as legitimate public health events, representing a verification rate of 83.7%. This high verification rate indicates that the community-level reporting is increasingly accurate and that district teams are responding effectively to alerts. However, the remaining eight (8) signals remain unclassified and require immediate attention to determine their potential risk to public health. It is encouraging to see that EBS is becoming more integrated into the routine surveillance activities of the ten reporting districts. The detection of 49 signals shows a high level of vigilance among community health surveillance assistants and local volunteers. We must ensure that the momentum of community reporting is sustained through regular feedback and recognition of those reporting signals. Every signal reported provides a unique opportunity to catch an outbreak before it spreads to neighboring villages or districts. The system is proving its value by identifying unusual health events that traditional indicator-based surveillance might miss in the early stages.

The eight unclassified signals represent a critical gap that must be addressed by the respective District Rapid Response Teams before the next week. A signal that remains unclassified is a potential risk that hasn’t been properly mitigated or understood by health authorities. We recommend that districts with backlogs in verification prioritize these events for field investigation within the next 48 hours. The verification process is essential because it allows the ministry to filter out false alarms and focus limited resources on real threats. It is also important to document the outcomes of every verification exercise in the OHSP to build a historical database of events. We will provide additional guidance to the 18 districts that did not report any EBS signals this week to ensure they are also active. Increasing the number of participating districts is vital for achieving full national coverage for event-based surveillance systems. Our target is to have 100% of signals verified or classified within 24 hours of their initial report into the system. Strengthening the link between community alerts and official district-level verification is our primary goal for the next reporting period. We will continue to monitor the quality of the signal descriptions to ensure they provide actionable intelligence for our responders. Consistent engagement with community leaders will also help to increase the volume and quality of signals being detected.

Malaria morbidity in week 14 remained high with 29,915 cases reported, including six confirmed deaths occurring in our health facilities. While this is a slight decrease from the previous week’s case count, the burden remains the leading cause of hospital attendance nationwide. The six deaths reported are a reminder that malaria remains a deadly threat, particularly when diagnosis and treatment are delayed. It is essential to perform a clinical audit for every death to identify any gaps in the quality of severe malaria management. We have observed that many cases of severe malaria are presenting late to facilities, often after seeking help from traditional sources. This highlights the need for continued community sensitization on the importance of seeking medical care immediately upon the onset of fever. The high case volume also puts a significant strain on the national supply of rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin-based combination therapies. We must ensure that the supply chain remains responsive to prevent stockouts during this high-transmission season in the country. Targeted interventions in high-burden districts are necessary to reduce both the incidence and mortality associated with this parasitic disease.

The National Malaria Control Program is urged to continue monitoring the availability of insecticides and the distribution of bed nets in high-risk areas. We are also advocating for the implementation of indoor residual spraying in districts that have shown consistently high malaria incidence rates over the past month. Health workers should maintain a high index of suspicion for malaria in all patients presenting with fever and ensure prompt testing. It is important to remember that early treatment within 24 hours is the most effective way to prevent the progression to severe disease. We must also strengthen our diagnostic quality control to ensure that both RDTs and microscopy are providing accurate results for patients. Community health workers play a vital role in educating families about the signs of severe malaria and the need for urgent referral. We will continue to track malaria trends closely to help prioritize the deployment of additional medical supplies to the hardest-hit regions. Every malaria death is preventable, and our goal remains to achieve a zero-death status across all districts in Malawi. We are working with partners to scale up the availability of injectable artesunate for the management of severe cases in district hospitals. Let us remain focused on reducing the burden of malaria through a combination of prevention, diagnosis, and effective clinical care.

Rabies surveillance in week 14 detected a consistent number of animal bites, necessitating the administration of post-exposure prophylaxis to 12 individuals. Fortunately, no human rabies deaths were reported this week, which reflects the effectiveness of our current medical intervention strategies. However, the presence of animal bites is a clear indicator that the rabies virus is likely circulating within our domestic and wild animal populations. Each bite from a suspected rabid animal is a potential death sentence if the patient does not receive the vaccine immediately. We have identified that urban and peri-urban centers are particularly vulnerable due to the large population of unvaccinated stray dogs. It is critical for health facilities to maintain a “never-out” status for the anti-rabies vaccine to ensure patients are protected. The cost of human rabies treatment is far higher than the cost of prevention through animal vaccination and timely post-exposure prophylaxis. We must continue to improve our data collection on the types of animals involved in these bite incidents to guide veterinary response. Monitoring these trends is a vital part of our One Health approach to preventing zoonotic diseases in the country.

The Ministry of Health is working with the Ministry of Agriculture to coordinate mass dog vaccination campaigns in the most affected districts. We urge all community members to report any stray animals showing unusual behavior to their local veterinary officers or community leaders. Public education must emphasize that rabies is 100% fatal once symptoms appear, making early vaccination after a bite the only way to survive. We are also encouraging districts to ensure that all animal bite victims complete the full course of vaccinations as prescribed by clinicians. Stock levels of the rabies vaccine at the Central Medical Stores are being monitored to ensure that all regions have adequate supplies. We are advocating for a stronger collaborative framework between health workers and veterinarians at the district level to manage these threats. Rabies elimination is achievable through high-coverage animal vaccination and prompt human treatment, and we must work toward this goal. Every person who receives timely PEP is a life saved from a truly horrific and preventable viral infection in our communities. We will continue to provide updates on the status of our vaccine stocks and the progress of our vaccination campaigns in future bulletins. Vigilance and cooperation are the keys to protecting our people from the threat of rabies throughout the year.

In week 14, Malawi reported 144 suspected cholera cases and 15 laboratory-confirmed cases, continuing a trend of persistent transmission in several regions. While the absence of cholera-related deaths this week is a significant achievement, the increase in suspected cases is a serious warning sign. The fifteen confirmed cases indicate that the bacteria is actively circulating and that there are ongoing sources of contamination in the environment. We must prioritize the investigation of these cases to identify the specific water sources or social events that are driving transmission. Districts such as Lilongwe and Blantyre remain the primary focus of our national response due to their high population density and risk. Each confirmed case should trigger an immediate “ring” intervention, including household disinfection and the distribution of water treatment chemicals. The zero-fatality rate is largely due to early care-seeking behavior and the readiness of our cholera treatment centers. However, we cannot afford any relaxation of our surveillance or response efforts as the outbreak could quickly escalate. Continuous monitoring of water quality in the affected communities is essential for preventing further spread of the disease.

We are coordinating with WASH partners to ensure that all hotspots have access to safe drinking water and functional sanitation facilities. Public health education campaigns are being intensified to remind all citizens about the importance of handwashing and proper food preparation. It is also critical that health workers maintain a high index of suspicion for any watery diarrhea and report it immediately. We are monitoring the supply levels of oral rehydration salts and intravenous fluids to ensure that all treatment centers are fully equipped. Laboratory confirmation must be fast-tracked to ensure that we are acting on accurate information regarding the extent of the outbreak. We are also exploring the use of oral cholera vaccines in high-risk populations to provide an additional layer of protection. A unified response involving all levels of government and our international partners is the only way to successfully contain cholera. We will continue to provide detailed daily reports to all affected districts to guide their local containment strategies effectively. Our goal is to break the transmission cycle and achieve a zero-case status in all districts within the coming months. Sustained community engagement is vital to ensure that people understand and follow the recommended prevention measures. Let us remain vigilant and proactive in our fight against this preventable and treatable disease.

Three maternal deaths were reported during week 14, highlighting the persistent challenges we face in achieving our maternal health targets. Each of these deaths is a tragic event that represents a significant failure in our ability to protect mothers during childbirth. Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) audits must be conducted for each case within the next 72 hours to identify causes. These audits are essential for understanding the systemic gaps that lead to mortality, such as delays in referral or lack of supplies. We must ensure that our findings from these investigations are translated into immediate corrective actions at the facility and district levels. The reporting of maternal deaths through the IDSR system ensures that these events receive the national attention they deserve. We are committed to reducing maternal mortality by strengthening our emergency obstetric and newborn care services across the country. Every mother has the right to safe delivery, and we must work tirelessly to make this a reality in all districts. Monitoring these trends helps us to advocate for more resources and better training for our midwives and obstetricians.

We are encouraging all health facilities to improve their readiness for obstetric emergencies by conducting regular drills and staff training sessions. It is also important to address the community-level factors that lead to delays in seeking professional medical care during pregnancy. We are working with traditional leaders to promote facility-based deliveries and to discourage harmful traditional practices during labor. The availability of blood for transfusion remains a critical bottleneck that we are working to resolve with the national blood transfusion service. We will continue to monitor the implementation of audit recommendations to ensure they are leading to actual improvements in care quality. Our goal is to see a consistent decline in maternal deaths as our health system becomes more responsive and better equipped. We are also focusing on improving the quality of antenatal care to identify and manage high-risk pregnancies much earlier. Collaborative efforts with our development partners are focused on upgrading maternity wings and providing essential medical equipment to rural facilities. Every death is a call to action for the entire health sector to improve our service delivery and clinical oversight. We remain dedicated to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets for maternal health in Malawi by 2030. Success in this area is a key indicator of the overall strength and compassion of our national healthcare system.

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) surveillance reported 196 cases and two deaths in week 14, with one facility reporting 79% of cases. The concentration of cases at Kamuzu Central Hospital indicates a significant localized burden of respiratory illness that requires focused clinical investigation. We must determine if this spike is due to a specific viral pathogen or environmental factors affecting the local population. The two deaths reported this week are a serious concern and highlight the potential severity of these respiratory infections. We are urging all sentinel sites to continue collecting respiratory swabs for influenza and COVID-19 testing as per national guidelines. Early identification of the causative agents is essential for guiding our clinical management and public health prevention strategies. SARI cases often put an immense strain on hospital resources, particularly oxygen supplies and intensive care unit capacity in larger hospitals. We must ensure that all clinicians are following the updated protocols for managing severe pneumonia and respiratory distress in patients. Protecting vulnerable groups like children and the elderly remains our primary priority during these seasonal peaks in respiratory illness.

We are coordinating with the national laboratory to prioritize the testing of samples from the identified hotspots at Kamuzu Central Hospital. It is important to monitor for any evidence of person-to-person transmission within the facility or the surrounding community clusters. Health workers are reminded to strictly adhere to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of masks and hand hygiene. We are also advocating for the increased availability of pulse oximeters in all health centers to allow for earlier detection of hypoxemia. Public health messaging should emphasize the need for people with respiratory symptoms to seek medical help early to prevent severe complications. We will continue to provide weekly updates on SARI trends to help all facilities prepare for potential increases in patient volume. Our goal is to reduce respiratory-related mortality through a combination of early detection, accurate diagnosis, and high-quality clinical support. We are also working on expanding our genomic surveillance to detect any new respiratory virus variants that may be entering the country. Vigilance is our best tool for preventing a large-scale outbreak of respiratory disease from overwhelming our health system this year. Let us work together to ensure that our respiratory surveillance is as sensitive and responsive as possible across all regions. Consistent reporting from all sentinel sites is vital for maintaining a clear national picture of respiratory health.

Typhoid fever surveillance for epidemiological week 14 recorded 88 reported cases nationwide, with no associated fatalities documented during this period. The reporting of 88 cases signifies a persistent level of transmission that requires ongoing clinical and environmental vigilance from all district health teams. Typhoid is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, and its presence is a direct indicator of challenges within the localized water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure. While the zero-fatality rate is encouraging, it is essential to ensure that all patients receive appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent the development of chronic carrier states. We must emphasize the importance of laboratory confirmation using blood cultures, as clinical diagnosis alone can be non-specific and may overlap with other febrile illnesses. Surveillance focal persons are urged to monitor the geographic distribution of these cases to identify any emerging clusters or shared contaminated water sources. Providing prompt and accurate data on Typhoid trends allows the ministry to allocate resources and plan for targeted vaccination campaigns if necessary. We will continue to track these case counts to ensure that the national burden does not escalate into a larger public health crisis during this season.

National response strategies for Typhoid fever must focus heavily on the integration of clinical management with long-term WASH interventions in the most affected districts. We recommend that district health offices collaborate with local water boards to ensure the safety and chlorination of all public water supplies in high-burden areas. Health workers should also prioritize community education on the necessity of boiling water and practicing thorough hand hygiene before food preparation. It is critical to maintain a robust supply of the recommended antibiotics in all health centers to ensure that treatment is not delayed. Furthermore, we are encouraging the systematic collection of data regarding the age and vaccination status of all reported Typhoid cases to guide future immunization policies. Continuous training for laboratory personnel on the isolation and identification of Salmonella Typhi remains a key priority for the national laboratory network. Every reported case provides a valuable opportunity to engage with the community about the fundamental importance of safe sanitation practices. We will continue to provide updates on the Typhoid situation and offer technical support to districts that are reporting unusual spikes in case numbers. Our collective goal is to reduce the incidence of Typhoid through a combination of early medical intervention and sustained environmental health improvements. Strengthening our Typhoid surveillance is an essential part of our broader commitment to ensuring health security for all Malawians.

National reporting completeness for week 13 was successfully maintained at a commendable 97.0% across the country. This consistent performance indicates that the vast majority of our health facilities have integrated digital reporting into their weekly clinical routines. High completeness is essential for ensuring that the Ministry of Health has a comprehensive view of the national disease burden without significant regional gaps. When nearly all facilities report, the statistical power of our epidemiological models increases, allowing for more precise resource allocation. We must acknowledge the dedicated work of the district IDSR coordinators who have pushed for this level of compliance. This data provides the backbone for all subsequent public health decisions made at the central level this week. Maintaining this trajectory is vital as we conclude the first quarter of the 2026 reporting cycle.

Despite these achievements, the 3% gap in completeness represents several dozen facilities that are currently invisible to our national surveillance network. These “silent” facilities may be harboring localized outbreaks of cholera or measles that could spread undetected to adjacent communities. It is imperative that Zonal Epidemiology Officers conduct targeted site visits to identify the specific technical or human resource barriers at these sites. We have observed that facilities in remote areas often struggle with consistent internet connectivity, necessitating alternative offline reporting solutions. Every facility that fails to report compromises the integrity of our national “Early Warning” system and creates unnecessary public health risks. We aim to reach a 100% completeness target by providing additional training to the identified lagging districts in the coming month. Surveillance is a collective responsibility that requires every single node in the network to function at peak capacity. Strengthening these weak links will ensure that no Malawian is left outside the protection of our surveillance system.

Timeliness for week 13 was recorded at 95.0%, representing a slight but notable decrease from the previous week’s performance levels. Reporting on time is critical because public health actions are most effective when they are initiated within hours of an event’s detection. A report that arrives late effectively delays the national response, potentially allowing a single case of disease to become a cluster. The 95% rate suggests that most facility focal persons are adhering to the Monday morning deadline despite heavy clinical workloads. We must emphasize that data loses its operational value rapidly as time passes, making punctuality a key quality metric. The One Health Surveillance Platform (OHSP) is designed for real-time interaction, but its utility depends entirely on the speed of data entry. We commend those districts that achieved 100% timeliness this week despite facing significant logistical and environmental challenges.

Analysis of the 5% delay reveals that specific districts are consistently struggling to validate their data before the national submission cutoff time. District Health Officers must streamline their internal validation processes to ensure that errors are corrected quickly without holding up the entire report. We recommend that facilities establish “Data Mondays” where reporting is prioritized as a primary clinical duty before mid-day. PHIM will begin publishing a “Timeliness League Table” to foster healthy competition and transparency among the reporting districts. Improving timeliness by just a few percentage points can significantly enhance our ability to contain rapidly spreading enteric diseases. We are also exploring the implementation of automated SMS alerts to remind focal persons of the approaching deadlines. Our goal is to institutionalize a culture of “Real-Time Surveillance” where data flows as fast as the pathogens we are tracking. Let us all recommit to the Monday deadline to ensure our national defense against disease remains agile and responsive.

During week 13, thirty-four (34) Event-Based Surveillance (EBS) signals were detected, of which twenty-four (24) were successfully verified by district teams. This verification rate of approximately 70.6% indicates that while community reporting is high, there is a significant lag in the official confirmation process. It is critical that every signal reported by the community is prioritized for rapid field assessment within 24 hours of notification. The 34 reported signals show that our community health surveillance assistants are active and vigilant in identifying unusual health clusters. However, the ten signals remaining unverified represent potential blind spots in our national health security framework. Each of these unverified reports could potentially be the early indicator of an emerging cholera or viral outbreak. We must improve the speed and documentation of verification to ensure that resources are not wasted on false alarms. The verification process is the bridge between raw community intelligence and a coordinated medical response.

District Rapid Response Teams (DRRTs) must account for the ten unverified signals and ensure they are processed before the start of week 14. We recommend that districts with backlogs in signal verification re-evaluate their communication protocols between community volunteers and clinical supervisors. A signal is only as useful as the investigation it triggers; without verification, a report cannot lead to meaningful public health action. We are implementing new digital tracking tools in the OHSP to help coordinators monitor the “time-to-verification” for all community-level alerts. High verification rates are essential for maintaining the credibility of the EBS system among community stakeholders and donors alike. We will provide additional logistical support to the three districts with the highest volumes of unverified signals this week. Our target is to achieve a 100% verification rate for all signals to ensure that no legitimate threat is left unexamined. Strengthening this verification loop is a primary goal for the National IDSR Secretariat as we move into the next quarter. Consistent follow-through on every community alert will build the trust necessary for a truly collaborative national surveillance network.

Malaria continues to dominate the national morbidity profile with 31,233 cases and 10 reported deaths in week 13 alone. This high case volume is characteristic of the late rainy season where stagnant water provides optimal breeding conditions for Anopheles vectors. The 10 deaths reported this week are a significant concern and represent the highest weekly mortality for malaria in this quarter. Each death should be audited at the facility level to determine if there were delays in the administration of injectable artesunate. We must also analyze whether these deaths were concentrated among children under five or pregnant women, who remain our most vulnerable cohorts. The consistent burden of malaria places a massive strain on our primary healthcare system and essential medicine supply chains. Surveillance data suggests that transmission intensity is particularly high in the lake-shore and southern region districts this week. Targeted interventions must be prioritized in these high-burden ecological zones to prevent further loss of life.

The National Malaria Control Program must ensure that all health facilities have an adequate supply of Rapid Diagnostic Tests and ACTs to handle this influx. Community health workers should intensify their efforts to promote the consistent and correct use of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) in every household. We are also advocating for a high index of clinical suspicion for severe malaria complications, such as cerebral malaria or severe anemia, in all febrile patients. Early treatment within 24 hours of fever onset is the most effective way to reduce the progression to severe, fatal disease. We encourage districts to use this surveillance data to plan for indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaigns in identified hotspots. Public health education must emphasize that malaria is a preventable and curable disease if identified and managed in time. We will continue to monitor these trends closely to ensure that our national response remains proactive rather than merely reactive. It is essential that we move beyond simple case counting to active, data-driven prevention at the community level. Every malaria death is a tragedy that can be avoided with timely intervention and proper resource management.

Rabies surveillance in week 13 recorded fifteen (15) animal bite cases requiring post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) across the country. While no human deaths were reported this week, the steady stream of animal bites highlights the persistent threat of this 100% fatal but preventable disease. Each reported bite must be treated as a medical emergency, necessitating the immediate administration of the rabies vaccine. We have observed that many facilities struggle with maintaining a consistent supply of PEP, leading to dangerous delays for victims. This week’s data shows that bites are predominantly occurring in peri-urban areas where roaming dog populations are high. We must ensure that surveillance for animal bites is tightly integrated with our One Health reporting to veterinary authorities. A single failure to provide PEP to a rabid dog bite victim will invariably result in an agonizing and preventable death. Monitoring these bite trends is essential for forecasting national vaccine requirements and preventing human rabies cases.

The Ministry of Health is collaborating with the Department of Animal Health to implement mass dog vaccination campaigns in the identified bite hotspots. We urge all district hospitals to report any stockouts of anti-rabies vaccine immediately to the central medical stores. Public education must focus on “Wash, Flush, and Vaccinate” – the critical immediate steps to take after an animal bite occurs. HSAs are encouraged to conduct community sensitization on the dangers of stray dogs and the importance of vaccinating domestic pets. We are also advocating for the improved availability of Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) for high-risk Category III exposures in central hospitals. Every bite victim should be followed up to ensure they complete the full multi-dose vaccination schedule required for protection. The zero-death status this week is encouraging, but it requires a perfectly functioning supply chain to be maintained long-term. We will continue to track the “Bite-to-PEP” interval as a key quality indicator for our rabies response program. Elimination of human rabies is possible only through 100% PEP coverage and aggressive animal-level control measures. Let us remain vigilant in protecting our communities from this ancient and deadly viral threat.

Malawi reported seventy-five (75) suspected cholera cases and fourteen (14) laboratory-confirmed cases in week 13, with no deaths recorded. The reporting of 14 confirmed cases in a single week indicates that the cholera situation is entering a more active and dangerous phase. While it is positive that zero deaths occurred, the presence of confirmed cases in multiple districts suggests a widespread environmental risk. Each confirmed case represents a failure in the sanitation barrier and a direct threat to the surrounding community’s health. We are currently focusing our response on the districts of Lilongwe, Blantyre, and Mangochi, which have reported the most recent confirmed activity. The zero-fatality rate this week is a testament to the early seeking of care by patients and effective management by our healthcare teams. However, the high number of suspected cases means that our cholera treatment centers (CTCs) must remain in a state of high readiness. We cannot afford any complacency given the rapid-fire nature of cholera transmission in densely populated areas.

Aggressive contact tracing and “ring” decontamination of households are being prioritized for all 14 confirmed cases reported this week. We are also distributing chlorine and soap to the families and neighbors of the affected individuals to break the chain of transmission. Our laboratory system is working to perform genomic sequencing on these isolates to understand the lineage and potential origin of the current strain. It is critical that all districts intensify their surveillance for any “sudden onset of watery diarrhoea” and report such events immediately. We are collaborating with WASH partners to ensure that emergency water trucking and borehole repairs are prioritized in the identified hotspots. Public health education campaigns are being scaled up to remind citizens of the importance of using safe water and practicing good hygiene. We are also monitoring the availability of oral rehydration salts and intravenous fluids at the facility level to prevent any supply stockouts. A unified, cross-sectoral response is the only way to contain this current wave of cholera and prevent it from escalating into a national crisis. We will provide daily updates to the affected districts to ensure that local response strategies are data-driven and timely.

Two (2) maternal deaths were reported in week 13, reminding us of the urgent need to strengthen our emergency obstetric care services. Every maternal death in Malawi is treated as a sentinel event that requires a formal “Maternal Death Surveillance and Response” (MDSR) audit. These deaths are not just statistics; they represent a significant loss of life that has profound effects on families and entire communities. We must investigate whether these deaths were associated with the “Three Delays”: delay in seeking care, reaching a facility, or receiving treatment. Our national goal remains the elimination of all preventable maternal deaths through improved quality of care at the point of delivery. The reporting of these cases through the IDSR system allows for rapid national-level visibility and accountability for reproductive health outcomes. We must ensure that every woman in Malawi has access to skilled birth attendance and emergency services when complications arise. Monitoring these trends helps us identify districts that may be struggling with staffing or equipment shortages in their maternity wings.

The MDSR committees in the affected districts must complete their investigations and submit their findings to the national secretariat within 72 hours. These audits should focus on identifying systemic gaps, such as lack of blood for transfusion or delays in the referral process between facilities. We are advocating for the implementation of the recommendations arising from these audits to prevent similar tragedies in the future. It is essential that we also look at the quality of antenatal care provided to these women during their pregnancies to identify missed opportunities for intervention. We are working with partners to provide additional training on basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC/CEmONC). Community awareness programs should emphasize the importance of early facility-based delivery for all pregnant women, regardless of their perceived risk. We will continue to track maternal mortality with the highest level of priority to ensure that our health system is responsive to the needs of mothers. Every death is a call to action for all stakeholders in the health sector to work harder toward our national targets. We remain committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets for maternal health through data-driven and evidence-based interventions.

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) surveillance reported 212 cases and six (6) deaths in week 13, marking a significant spike in respiratory mortality. This increase in deaths is a major public health concern and may indicate the circulation of more virulent respiratory pathogens or late presentation by patients. We are urging all sentinel sites to increase the collection of swabs for influenza and COVID-19 testing to identify the causative agents. The six deaths reported this week should be audited to understand the clinical course of the illness and the quality of supportive care provided. SARI often affects the very young and the elderly, making them the primary focus of our clinical and preventive efforts. We must ensure that health workers are proficient in the use of oxygen therapy and are following the latest management protocols for severe pneumonia. The high number of cases places an additional burden on our hospital wards and requires careful management of bed capacity. Protecting the population from respiratory threats remains a key component of our national health security strategy during this season.

Public health messaging should be reinforced to promote hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and the use of masks in crowded healthcare settings. We are monitoring for any unusual clusters of respiratory illness in schools, prisons, or other congregate living situations that might indicate an outbreak. District surveillance teams should conduct active case searches in the communities where these deaths occurred to identify any additional undiagnosed cases. We are also working with laboratory partners to ensure that our genomic surveillance is robust enough to detect any new viral variants. It is important to ensure that all frontline health workers have access to personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent nosocomial transmission of respiratory pathogens. We are advocating for the early referral of SARI patients from primary health centers to district hospitals where specialized care is available. Collaborative research is needed to better understand the seasonal drivers of respiratory infections in the various ecological zones of Malawi. We will continue to provide weekly updates on SARI trends to help facilities prepare for any further increases in morbidity or mortality. Vigilance in monitoring these infections is essential for our national pandemic preparedness and response efforts. Let us work together to contain the spread of these infections and prevent further loss of life in our communities.

Neonatal Tetanus (NNT) surveillance recorded zero (0) cases in week 13, a significant achievement that reflects our high national coverage of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccination. NNT is a painful and highly fatal disease that occurs when Clostridium tetani spores contaminate the umbilical cord during unhygienic deliveries. The absence of cases is a direct result of our successful maternal immunization programs and the promotion of “Clean Birth” practices across the country. We must remain vigilant, however, as even a single case of NNT is considered a major public health failure and an indicator of poor maternal health services. Every suspected case must be investigated immediately to identify the geographical and socioeconomic barriers to safe delivery in that specific community. Our goal is to maintain the “Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination” (MNTE) status as defined by international health standards. Consistent reporting of zero cases is a testament to the hard work of our midwives and community health assistants in promoting facility-based deliveries. Monitoring these trends allows us to identify any emerging pockets of low vaccination coverage before they result in a clinical case.

We are continuing to prioritize the vaccination of all pregnant women during their antenatal care (ANC) visits to ensure passive immunity for their newborns. It is also essential to educate traditional birth attendants on the dangers of using unsterilized tools for cord cutting in communities where facility access is limited. HSAs are encouraged to perform active case searching for any infant deaths occurring within the first 28 days of life to ensure no NNT cases are missed. We are providing additional training to clinicians on the clinical diagnosis of NNT, which is characterized by the sudden onset of muscle spasms and “lockjaw.” Integrated surveillance for NNT is linked with our wider efforts to reduce overall neonatal mortality and improve child survival rates in Malawi. The reporting of zero cases this week should not lead to any reduction in our immunization outreach or hygiene promotion efforts. We will continue to advocate for the universal provision of “Mama Kits” that include sterile cord-care materials for every expectant mother. Our commitment to a tetanus-free future for every Malawian child remains a cornerstone of our national reproductive and child health strategy. Ongoing surveillance is the only way to prove that our elimination status is being successfully sustained year after year. Let us work together to ensure that no child in Malawi ever has to suffer from this preventable and agonizing disease.

Malawi maintained a status of zero (0) new confirmed Mpox cases and zero (0) alerts during epidemiological week 13. This continued absence of cases is a highly positive sign, but it must be met with sustained vigilance rather than complacency. The risk of Mpox introduction remains significant given the ongoing transmission in the region and the high volume of cross-border movement. Our border surveillance teams must continue to screen travelers for symptoms and maintain a high index of suspicion for unusual rashes. Mpox remains a disease of international concern, and Malawi’s reporting contributes to the broader global understanding of the virus’s spread. We are continuing to provide mentorship on case definition and sample management to healthcare workers in all district hospitals. Public awareness campaigns should be sustained to ensure that the community knows to report any suspicious lesions or fevers immediately. Early detection remains our primary strategy for preventing a localized outbreak from becoming a national epidemic in 2026.

Laboratory capacity for Mpox molecular testing is being regularly verified at the national reference lab to ensure rapid turnaround times for any alerts. We are also collaborating with international health partners to share data and refine our national preparedness and response plans for viral hemorrhagic fevers. It is essential for clinicians to differentiate Mpox from other common rash-illnesses like chickenpox or measles through thorough clinical examination. We are also working to strengthen community-based surveillance to identify any cases that might be deterred from facilities due to stigma. The current period of zero cases allows us to further refine our clinical guidelines and stockpile necessary infection prevention and control (IPC) supplies. We are reviewing our genomic surveillance capabilities to ensure we can identify the specific clade of the virus if an introduction occurs. Every alert that is investigated and ruled out is a sign that our surveillance system is functioning with high sensitivity and accuracy. We encourage all districts to continue their active case searching during routine facility and community visits to ensure no case is missed. Protecting Malawi from Mpox requires a unified effort from all health sectors and the active participation of the general public.

Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance reported three (3) new cases in week 13, all of which are currently undergoing laboratory verification to rule out Polio. These cases were identified in diverse geographical areas, showing that our detection system is capable of picking up rare clinical events across the country. AFP surveillance is a global requirement for maintaining our polio-free status, and Malawi is committed to meeting all international performance standards. Each of these three cases must have two “adequate” stool samples collected 24 hours apart within 14 days of paralysis onset. We are also tracking thirty-three (33) suspected measles cases this week, which represents a concerning increase in potential vaccine-preventable disease activity. Measles is one of the most contagious viral diseases and can rapidly spread through communities with low immunization coverage. Even a single confirmed measles case is considered an outbreak in Malawi and requires an immediate and aggressive vaccination response. We must ensure that our routine immunization programs are reaching the most remote and marginalized populations to prevent these outbreaks.

Health workers are reminded that any child with fever and a maculopapular rash must be investigated for measles, with blood and swab samples collected for testing. We are urging all districts to review their “Immunization Recovery Plans” to identify and vaccinate children who have missed their scheduled doses. The presence of 33 suspected cases indicates that there may be significant immunity gaps that need to be addressed through supplemental immunization activities. Community health surveillance assistants (HSAs) should intensify their home visits to check the vaccination status of all children under the age of five. We are also monitoring for any signs of “Polio-compatible” cases that might indicate low-level circulation of the virus in areas with poor sanitation. Laboratory results for the current AFP cases will be communicated to the districts as soon as they are finalized by the regional reference lab. Maintaining a high level of vigilance for these diseases is essential for the long-term health and development of Malawi’s children. We must not allow the progress made in global eradication efforts to be reversed by local surveillance or immunization gaps. Collaborative efforts between the EPI program and the IDSR secretariat are being strengthened to ensure an integrated approach to these threats.

Typhoid fever surveillance recorded sixty-nine (69) cases in week 13, showing a continued upward trend that requires urgent attention from public health authorities. This volume of cases indicates that enteric transmission of Salmonella Typhi is becoming more widespread in several urban and peri-urban centers. Typhoid is a significant cause of febrile illness in Malawi and can often be misdiagnosed as malaria without proper laboratory testing. We are advocating for the wider use of blood culture as the gold standard for diagnosing typhoid fever in all district hospitals. The current trend suggests that there are significant issues with water safety and food hygiene that are facilitating the spread of the bacteria. Each case of typhoid represents a potential failure in the community’s water and sanitation barriers that must be investigated and addressed. We are particularly concerned about the potential for multi-drug resistant typhoid strains to emerge if antibiotic stewardship is not strictly practiced. The surveillance data this week highlights the need for a multi-sectoral response to improve safe water access in the most affected areas.

Environmental health investigations are being prioritized for the clusters of typhoid cases identified in this week’s surveillance report. We urge the districts to work closely with local government and water boards to ensure that water sources are properly chlorinated and protected from contamination. Public health messaging should focus on the importance of “boil and use” practices for all drinking water in areas where typhoid is currently circulating. We are also monitoring the impact of the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) program and identifying areas where additional vaccination coverage may be needed. Schools and food markets should be the focus of intensive hygiene promotion activities to reduce the risk of large-scale community transmission. It is essential that clinicians follow the national treatment guidelines and complete the full course of antibiotics to prevent the development of chronic carriers. We will continue to map the geographical distribution of typhoid cases to help target our preventive interventions and resource allocation. Long-term solutions for typhoid must include significant investments in permanent safe water and sewerage infrastructure across Malawi. Let us maintain a high index of suspicion and respond aggressively to every cluster of febrile illness that could be typhoid fever. Strengthening our enteric disease surveillance is a key priority for the national public health institute this year.